Green financing and sustainable business models have emerged as critical pillars for fostering
economic growth while addressing environmental and social challenges. This study, based on
secondary data, explores the role of green financing in promoting sustainability and enabling
businesses to adopt environmentally conscious practices. Green financing refers to financial
products and investments designed to support projects that prioritize environmental
sustainability, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and pollution control. The
research highlights the growing demand for sustainable business models, where companies
integrate economic, environmental, and social considerations into their operations to achieve
long term resilience and competitive advantage. Key drivers of green financing such as
regulatory, international climate agreements and growing investor interest in Environmental,
Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria are discussed. The study also examines the challenges
businesses face in accessing green finance, including high initial costs, limited financial
literacy, and a lack of standardized reporting frameworks. Moreover, examples from various
industries are provided to illustrate how businesses successfully transition to sustainable
models through innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds, sustainable loans and
impact investment.

The Regulated Market System (ReMS) in Karnataka and the electronic National Agriculture
Market (e-NAM) have revolutionized agricultural marketing in India by enhancing price
transparency, reducing middlemen dependency, and improving market efficiency. ReMS,
introduced in 2014, has successfully digitalized APMCs through e-tendering, quality-based
pricing, and direct digital payments, ensuring fair price realization for farmers. e-NAM,
launched in 2016, aims to integrate APMCs across India into a unified national market,
enabling farmers to access competitive pricing beyond their local mandis. However,
technological barriers, infrastructure limitations, and resistance from APMCs have slowed e
NAM adoption. The study finds that ReMS has been more effective in intra-state market
integration, whereas e-NAM has faced challenges in nationwide implementation. Despite
this, both platforms have improved price discovery, reduced transaction costs, and
empowered farmers. To maximize their impact, investment in digital infrastructure, policy
harmonization, and farmer training programs are essential. A hybrid approach integrating
ReMS features into e-NAM could create a more efficient and farmer-friendly agricultural
marketing system in India.

The Metaverse is moving forward in a cybernetic world that exercise block chain technology, virtual and augmented reality (AR and VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) to furnish prosperous, virtual milieu that simulate real-life experiences. While it is still in the growing stage, it is bit by bit uncovering its usage in various sectors, including e-commerce, physical fitness, tourism, and didactics. The varied merits of the Metaverse are discussed in detail in the succeeding sections. As major corporations invest in building the Metaverse, it is essential to explore both its benefits and risks. While VR and AR offer immersive and interactive experiences, their prolonged use may have physical and psychological implications. Issues such as digital addiction, reduced physical activity, and altered social behaviors need to be carefully studied. The future of virtual environments lies in finding a balance between innovation and responsible usage. By understanding both the opportunities and challenges of the Metaverse, society can ensure that these technologies are integrated in ways that enhance human experiences while minimizing potential risks. As VR and AR continue to advance, they hold the potential to reshape the way we live, work, and connect in the digital age. This study focuses on evolution and advantages of Metaverse.

This research study aims to explore and analyze the consumer behavior of Generation Z (Gen Z)
towards Netflix subscription services in the city of Ludhiana. As digital natives, Gen Z individuals
exhibit unique preferences and behavioral patterns when interacting with Over-the-Top (OTT)
streaming platforms. The study investigates key factors such as content quality, user interface,
pricing strategies, social media influence, and psychological motivations behind binge-watching
behavior. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 200 Gen Z respondents
through structured questionnaires. The findings reveal that while Netflix enjoys significant
popularity and market presence among Gen Z in Ludhiana, consumer preferences are heavily
influenced by content diversity, peer recommendations, platform usability, and perceived
affordability. The study also highlights that although binge-watching is prevalent, it is largely
motivated by enjoyment of storytelling and curiosity rather than excessive or compulsive use.
Furthermore, the research identifies a notable price sensitivity among users, with many expressing
openness to switching platforms for better value. Social media, particularly Instagram, emerges as a
major channel for Netflix content discovery, underscoring the importance of peer influence and
digital marketing. The study applies theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Consumer Decision-Making Process
to interpret the findings. This research contributes to the understanding of Gen Z’s digital
consumption behavior and offers practical insights for streaming platforms to enhance user
engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty in regional markets. It also sets the foundation for further
studies exploring the evolving dynamics of OTT services in Tier-II Indian cities.

The ongoing Israel-Hamas war has had significant repercussions on international trade,
disrupting supply chains, altering global markets, and influencing geopolitical dynamics. The
conflict has created uncertainty in the Middle East, an essential region for energy production,
particularly affecting oil and natural gas markets. Rising tensions have led to fluctuations in
energy prices, as the conflict escalates and threatens the stability of key production areas.
Additionally, the war has led to disruptions in trade routes, especially those involving vital
commodities, creating bottlenecks and delays in shipments.
The conflict has further impacted international trade by contributing to volatility in financial
markets. The fluctuation in stock prices, along with shifts in foreign exchange rates, has
created challenges for multinational corporations and traders. The risk of prolonged
instability has also affected investor confidence, which has been reflected in reduced foreign
direct investment in both Israel and surrounding regions.
In light of these challenges, businesses worldwide are forced to reassess their supply chain
strategies, seeking alternative routes and diversified sources to mitigate the disruptions.
However, the impact of the war goes beyond economic factors, as it has also influenced
diplomatic relations, with international players responding to the conflict in ways that reflect
broader geopolitical tensions. This has led to a fragmentation of trade relationships and
uncertainties surrounding future international agreements.

This study investigates Gen Z's attitudes and behaviours within the fast fashion industry. It
examines the influence of social media, affordability, and sustainability awareness on their
purchasing decisions. Quantitative methods are used to analyse data and derive conclusions about
Gen Z's consumption patterns and the implications for the future of fashion.

This paper introduces Capability Capital: a novel economic concept that reframes heritagebased skills and tacit knowledge as intangible assets capable of generating sustainable economic, social, and cultural value. Grounded in Amartya Sen’s capability approach and informed by research in human capital, cultural economics, and heritage valuation, the study demonstrates how recognition, structured development, and market integration of heritage
skills can produce measurable economic benefits while preserving cultural identity. Case studies from India, Laos, and other heritage-based economies illustrate the operationalization of Capability Capital, and the paper outlines policy and practice recommendations to leverage these assets for inclusive growth.

Punjab has historically been one of India’s major textile hubs, particularly in cotton spinning, yarn production and blended textiles. In recent years, however, the sector has undergone significant structural changes driven by COVID-19 disruptions, global supply chain realignment, sustainability mandates, and the digital transformation of manufacturing. Despite these challenges, Punjab’s textile industry continues to demonstrate strong growth potential due to its agricultural base, skilled labour force, and strategic location.

This study empirically examines the future prospects of Punjab’s textile industry using primary data collected from 144 textile enterprises, including spinning, weaving, dyeing, and garment manufacturing units. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is employed to identify the core drivers shaping the industry’s future. Seven dominant factors emerge: Future-oriented strategies, Investment readiness, Regulatory environment, Human resource capability,
Growth drivers, Government policy support, and E-commerce integration.
The findings suggest that Punjab’s textile sector can significantly enhance its competitiveness through Industry 4.0 adoption, digital supply chains, sustainable manufacturing, and exportoriented policies. However, institutional finance, skill development, infrastructure modernisation, and targeted government support remain critical for realising this potential.
The study provides policy-relevant insights for strengthening Punjab’s position within India’s
evolving textile and apparel value chain.

The health insurance sector in India has expanded rapidly in recent years; however, penetration remains low in several semi-urban and rural regions, including Punjab. This study compares public and private health insurance providers in four cities—Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Bathinda, and Jalandhar— focusing on customer awareness, marketing strategies, satisfaction, and retention. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed using purposive sampling of 400 policyholders. The theoretical foundation integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the SERVQUAL model.
A structured bilingual questionnaire measured awareness, perceived service quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and retention. Expected findings
suggest a significant difference between public and private insurers in terms of customer awareness, marketing effectiveness, and satisfaction determinants. The study contributes to improved insurance outreach, service quality enhancement and policy development for inclusive coverage across Punjab.